type hchan struct {
	qcount   uint           // 当前channel中存在元素的数量
	dataqsiz uint           // 当前channel环形队列的容量（buffered channel 的大小）
	buf      unsafe.Pointer // 环形队列的指针（存储元素的地方）
	elemsize uint16			// channel中每个元素的大小
	closed   uint32			// 表示 channel 是否已关闭
	elemtype *_type // channel中元素类型
	sendx    uint   // 环形队列的发送索引
	recvx    uint   // 环形队列的接收索引
	recvq    waitq  // 等待接收的 goroutine 队列
	sendq    waitq  // 等待发送的 goroutine 队列

	// lock protects all fields in hchan, as well as several
	// fields in sudogs blocked on this channel.
	//
	// Do not change another G's status while holding this lock
	// (in particular, do not ready a G), as this can deadlock
	// with stack shrinking.
	lock mutex
}

type waitq struct {
	first *sudog	// 队列头部
	last  *sudog	// 队列尾部
}
// sudog 是一个 伪g，表示等待列表中的 g，用于包装协程的节点
// 一个 g 可以出现在多个等待列表中，因此一个 g 可能有多个 sudog；
// 并且很多gs可能在等待同一个同步对象，因此一个对象可能有很多sudog。
type sudog struct {
	// The following fields are protected by the hchan.lock of the
	// channel this sudog is blocking on. shrinkstack depends on
	// this for sudogs involved in channel ops.
	g *g	// 协程
	next *sudog // 队列中的下一个节点
	prev *sudog // 队列中的上一个节点
	elem unsafe.Pointer // data element (may point to stack)
    ...
    c        *hchan // 标识与当前sudog交互的channel
}

func makechan(t *chantype, size int) *hchan {
	elem := t.Elem

	// compiler checks this but be safe.
	if elem.Size_ >= 1<<16 {
		throw("makechan: invalid channel element type")
	}
	if hchanSize%maxAlign != 0 || elem.Align_ > maxAlign {
		throw("makechan: bad alignment")
	}

	mem, overflow := math.MulUintptr(elem.Size_, uintptr(size))
	if overflow || mem > maxAlloc-hchanSize || size < 0 {
		panic(plainError("makechan: size out of range"))
	}

	// Hchan does not contain pointers interesting for GC when elements stored in buf do not contain pointers.
	// buf points into the same allocation, elemtype is persistent.
	// SudoG's are referenced from their owning thread so they can't be collected.
	// TODO(dvyukov,rlh): Rethink when collector can move allocated objects.
	var c *hchan
	switch {
	case mem == 0:
		// Queue or element size is zero.
		c = (*hchan)(mallocgc(hchanSize, nil, true))
		// Race detector uses this location for synchronization.
		c.buf = c.raceaddr()
	case elem.PtrBytes == 0:
		// Elements do not contain pointers.
		// Allocate hchan and buf in one call.
		c = (*hchan)(mallocgc(hchanSize+mem, nil, true))
		c.buf = add(unsafe.Pointer(c), hchanSize)
	default:
		// Elements contain pointers.
		c = new(hchan)
		c.buf = mallocgc(mem, elem, true)
	}

	c.elemsize = uint16(elem.Size_)
	c.elemtype = elem
	c.dataqsiz = uint(size)
	lockInit(&c.lock, lockRankHchan)

	if debugChan {
		print("makechan: chan=", c, "; elemsize=", elem.Size_, "; dataqsiz=", size, "\n")
	}
	return c
}

//go:nosplit
func chansend1(c *hchan, elem unsafe.Pointer) {
    chansend(c, elem, true, getcallerpc())
}

func chansend(c *hchan, ep unsafe.Pointer, block bool, callerpc uintptr) bool {
    // 异常case1:通道未初始化，往里写会被挂起，死锁
    if c == nil {
        if !block {
            return false
        }
        gopark(nil, nil, waitReasonChanSendNilChan, traceBlockForever, 2)
        throw("unreachable")
    }

    if debugChan {
        print("chansend: chan=", c, "\n")
    }

    if raceenabled {
        racereadpc(c.raceaddr(), callerpc, abi.FuncPCABIInternal(chansend))
    }

    // Fast path: check for failed non-blocking operation without acquiring the lock.
    if !block && c.closed == 0 && full(c) {
        return false
    }

    var t0 int64
    if blockprofilerate > 0 {
        t0 = cputicks()
    }

    lock(&c.lock)
    // 异常case2:往关闭了的通道中写，panic
    if c.closed != 0 {
        unlock(&c.lock)
        panic(plainError("send on closed channel"))
    }
    // 正常case1: 等待接收的 goroutine 队列不为空
    if sg := c.recvq.dequeue(); sg != nil {
        // Found a waiting receiver. We pass the value we want to send
        // directly to the receiver, bypassing the channel buffer (if any).
        send(c, sg, ep, func() { unlock(&c.lock) }, 3)
        return true
    }
    // 正常case2: 缓冲区还有空间，找到sendx所在位置将数据发送
    if c.qcount < c.dataqsiz {
        // Space is available in the channel buffer. Enqueue the element to send.
        qp := chanbuf(c, c.sendx)
        if raceenabled {
            racenotify(c, c.sendx, nil)
        }
        typedmemmove(c.elemtype, qp, ep)
        c.sendx++
        if c.sendx == c.dataqsiz {
            c.sendx = 0
        }
        c.qcount++
        unlock(&c.lock)
        return true
    }
    // 正常case3: 此时说明没有等待接收的g，缓冲区也没有空间（或无缓冲channel），非阻塞模式直接返回
    if !block {
        unlock(&c.lock)
        return false
    }
    // 正常case4: 进入阻塞模式，gopark让出协程的调度权
    // Block on the channel. Some receiver will complete our operation for us.
    gp := getg()	// 从线程的局部存储TLS中获取当前g的指针
    mysg := acquireSudog()  // 准备一个伪g，代表处于等待列表中的 g
    mysg.releasetime = 0
    if t0 != 0 {
        mysg.releasetime = -1
    }
    // No stack splits between assigning elem and enqueuing mysg
    // on gp.waiting where copystack can find it.
    mysg.elem = ep
    mysg.waitlink = nil
    mysg.g = gp
    mysg.isSelect = false
    mysg.c = c
    gp.waiting = mysg
    gp.param = nil
    c.sendq.enqueue(mysg)
    // Signal to anyone trying to shrink our stack that we're about
    // to park on a channel. The window between when this G's status
    // changes and when we set gp.activeStackChans is not safe for
    // stack shrinking.
    gp.parkingOnChan.Store(true)
    gopark(chanparkcommit, unsafe.Pointer(&c.lock), waitReasonChanSend, traceBlockChanSend, 2)
    // Ensure the value being sent is kept alive until the
    // receiver copies it out. The sudog has a pointer to the
    // stack object, but sudogs aren't considered as roots of the
    // stack tracer.
    KeepAlive(ep)  // 主要功能是确保一个变量在调用点之前不会被 GC 回收
    

    // someone woke us up.
    if mysg != gp.waiting {
        throw("G waiting list is corrupted")
    }
    gp.waiting = nil
    gp.activeStackChans = false
    closed := !mysg.success
    gp.param = nil
    if mysg.releasetime > 0 {
        blockevent(mysg.releasetime-t0, 2)
    }
    mysg.c = nil
    releaseSudog(mysg)
    if closed {
        if c.closed == 0 {
            throw("chansend: spurious wakeup")
        }
        panic(plainError("send on closed channel"))
    }
    return true
}

func send(c *hchan, sg *sudog, ep unsafe.Pointer, unlockf func(), skip int) {
	if raceenabled {
		if c.dataqsiz == 0 {
			racesync(c, sg)
		} else {
			// Pretend we go through the buffer, even though
			// we copy directly. Note that we need to increment
			// the head/tail locations only when raceenabled.
			racenotify(c, c.recvx, nil)
			racenotify(c, c.recvx, sg)
			c.recvx++
			if c.recvx == c.dataqsiz {
				c.recvx = 0
			}
			c.sendx = c.recvx // c.sendx = (c.sendx+1) % c.dataqsiz
		}
	}
	if sg.elem != nil {
		sendDirect(c.elemtype, sg, ep)
		sg.elem = nil
	}
	gp := sg.g
	unlockf()
	gp.param = unsafe.Pointer(sg)
	sg.success = true
	if sg.releasetime != 0 {
		sg.releasetime = cputicks()
	}
	goready(gp, skip+1)
}

func sendDirect(t *_type, sg *sudog, src unsafe.Pointer) {
	// src is on our stack, dst is a slot on another stack.

	// Once we read sg.elem out of sg, it will no longer
	// be updated if the destination's stack gets copied (shrunk).
	// So make sure that no preemption points can happen between read & use.
	// 读取目标地址
    dst := sg.elem
    // 写屏障，通知 GC 监视目标位置的数据写入，以防止垃圾回收期间的数据丢失或不一致
	typeBitsBulkBarrier(t, uintptr(dst), uintptr(src), t.Size_)
	// No need for cgo write barrier checks because dst is always
	// Go memory.
    // 将数据从 src（发送方的栈位置）复制到 dst（接收方的栈位置）。
	memmove(dst, src, t.Size_)
}

i <- ch
i, ok <- ch // 带通道判断
//go:nosplit
func chanrecv1(c *hchan, elem unsafe.Pointer) {
	chanrecv(c, elem, true)
}

//go:nosplit
func chanrecv2(c *hchan, elem unsafe.Pointer) (received bool) {
	_, received = chanrecv(c, elem, true)
	return
}
// chanrecv receives on channel c and writes the received data to ep.
// ep may be nil, in which case received data is ignored.
// If block == false and no elements are available, returns (false, false).
// Otherwise, if c is closed, zeros *ep and returns (true, false).
// Otherwise, fills in *ep with an element and returns (true, true).
// A non-nil ep must point to the heap or the caller's stack.
func chanrecv(c *hchan, ep unsafe.Pointer, block bool) (selected, received bool) {
	
	if debugChan {
		print("chanrecv: chan=", c, "\n")
	}

	if c == nil {
		if !block {
			return
		}
		gopark(nil, nil, waitReasonChanReceiveNilChan, traceBlockForever, 2)
		throw("unreachable")
	}

	// Fast path: check for failed non-blocking operation without acquiring the lock.
	if !block && empty(c) {
		// After observing that the channel is not ready for receiving, we observe whether the
		// channel is closed.
		//
		// Reordering of these checks could lead to incorrect behavior when racing with a close.
		// For example, if the channel was open and not empty, was closed, and then drained,
		// reordered reads could incorrectly indicate "open and empty". To prevent reordering,
		// we use atomic loads for both checks, and rely on emptying and closing to happen in
		// separate critical sections under the same lock.  This assumption fails when closing
		// an unbuffered channel with a blocked send, but that is an error condition anyway.
		if atomic.Load(&c.closed) == 0 {
			// Because a channel cannot be reopened, the later observation of the channel
			// being not closed implies that it was also not closed at the moment of the
			// first observation. We behave as if we observed the channel at that moment
			// and report that the receive cannot proceed.
			return
		}
		// The channel is irreversibly closed. Re-check whether the channel has any pending data
		// to receive, which could have arrived between the empty and closed checks above.
		// Sequential consistency is also required here, when racing with such a send.
        // 再次检查是否为空
        // 有场景：可能因为在判断通道关闭的同时有另一个g往通道发送了数据，如果此时没有检查直接返回就会漏掉通道中的数据
		if empty(c) {
			// The channel is irreversibly closed and empty.不可逆转的关闭且为空
			if raceenabled {
				raceacquire(c.raceaddr())
			}
			if ep != nil {
				typedmemclr(c.elemtype, ep)
			}
			return true, false
		}
	}

	var t0 int64
	if blockprofilerate > 0 {
		t0 = cputicks()
	}

	lock(&c.lock)

	if c.closed != 0 {
		if c.qcount == 0 {
			if raceenabled {
				raceacquire(c.raceaddr())
			}
			unlock(&c.lock)
			if ep != nil {
				typedmemclr(c.elemtype, ep)
			}
			return true, false
		}
		// The channel has been closed, but the channel's buffer have data.
	} else {
		// Just found waiting sender with not closed.
		if sg := c.sendq.dequeue(); sg != nil {
			// Found a waiting sender. If buffer is size 0, receive value
			// directly from sender. Otherwise, receive from head of queue
			// and add sender's value to the tail of the queue (both map to
			// the same buffer slot because the queue is full).
			recv(c, sg, ep, func() { unlock(&c.lock) }, 3)
			return true, true
		}
	}

	if c.qcount > 0 {
		// Receive directly from queue
		qp := chanbuf(c, c.recvx)
		if raceenabled {
			racenotify(c, c.recvx, nil)
		}
		if ep != nil {
			typedmemmove(c.elemtype, ep, qp)
		}
		typedmemclr(c.elemtype, qp)
		c.recvx++
		if c.recvx == c.dataqsiz {
			c.recvx = 0
		}
		c.qcount--
		unlock(&c.lock)
		return true, true
	}

	if !block {
		unlock(&c.lock)
		return false, false
	}

	// no sender available: block on this channel.
	gp := getg()
	mysg := acquireSudog()
	mysg.releasetime = 0
	if t0 != 0 {
		mysg.releasetime = -1
	}
	// No stack splits between assigning elem and enqueuing mysg
	// on gp.waiting where copystack can find it.
	mysg.elem = ep
	mysg.waitlink = nil
	gp.waiting = mysg
	mysg.g = gp
	mysg.isSelect = false
	mysg.c = c
	gp.param = nil
	c.recvq.enqueue(mysg)
	// Signal to anyone trying to shrink our stack that we're about
	// to park on a channel. The window between when this G's status
	// changes and when we set gp.activeStackChans is not safe for
	// stack shrinking.
	gp.parkingOnChan.Store(true)
	gopark(chanparkcommit, unsafe.Pointer(&c.lock), waitReasonChanReceive, traceBlockChanRecv, 2)

	// someone woke us up
	if mysg != gp.waiting {
		throw("G waiting list is corrupted")
	}
	gp.waiting = nil
	gp.activeStackChans = false
	if mysg.releasetime > 0 {
		blockevent(mysg.releasetime-t0, 2)
	}
	success := mysg.success
	gp.param = nil
	mysg.c = nil
	releaseSudog(mysg)
	return true, success
}

func recv(c *hchan, sg *sudog, ep unsafe.Pointer, unlockf func(), skip int) {
	if c.dataqsiz == 0 {
		if raceenabled {
			racesync(c, sg)
		}
		if ep != nil {
			// copy data from sender
			recvDirect(c.elemtype, sg, ep)
		}
	} else {
		// Queue is full. Take the item at the
		// head of the queue. Make the sender enqueue
		// its item at the tail of the queue. Since the
		// queue is full, those are both the same slot.
		qp := chanbuf(c, c.recvx)
		if raceenabled {
			racenotify(c, c.recvx, nil)
			racenotify(c, c.recvx, sg)
		}
		// copy data from queue to receiver
		if ep != nil {
			typedmemmove(c.elemtype, ep, qp)
		}
		// copy data from sender to queue
		typedmemmove(c.elemtype, qp, sg.elem)
		c.recvx++
		if c.recvx == c.dataqsiz {
			c.recvx = 0
		}
		c.sendx = c.recvx // c.sendx = (c.sendx+1) % c.dataqsiz
	}
	sg.elem = nil
	gp := sg.g
	unlockf()
	gp.param = unsafe.Pointer(sg)
	sg.success = true
	if sg.releasetime != 0 {
		sg.releasetime = cputicks()
	}
	goready(gp, skip+1)
}

close(ch)

func walkExpr(n ir.Node, init *ir.Nodes) ir.Node {
    ....
    case ir.OCLEAR:
		n := n.(*ir.UnaryExpr)
		return walkClear(n)

	case ir.OCLOSE:
		n := n.(*ir.UnaryExpr)
		return walkClose(n, init)

	case ir.OMAKECHAN:
		n := n.(*ir.MakeExpr)
		return walkMakeChan(n, init)

	case ir.OMAKEMAP:
		n := n.(*ir.MakeExpr)
		return walkMakeMap(n, init)

	case ir.OMAKESLICE:
		n := n.(*ir.MakeExpr)
		return walkMakeSlice(n, init)
    ...
}

func closechan(c *hchan) {
    if c == nil {
        panic(plainError("close of nil channel"))
    }

    lock(&c.lock)
    if c.closed != 0 {
        unlock(&c.lock)
        panic(plainError("close of closed channel"))
    }

    if raceenabled {
        callerpc := getcallerpc()
        racewritepc(c.raceaddr(), callerpc, abi.FuncPCABIInternal(closechan))
        racerelease(c.raceaddr())
    }

    c.closed = 1

    var glist gList

    // release all readers
    for {
        sg := c.recvq.dequeue()
        if sg == nil {
            break
        }
        if sg.elem != nil {
            typedmemclr(c.elemtype, sg.elem)
            sg.elem = nil
        }
        if sg.releasetime != 0 {
            sg.releasetime = cputicks()
        }
        gp := sg.g
        gp.param = unsafe.Pointer(sg)
        sg.success = false
        if raceenabled {
            raceacquireg(gp, c.raceaddr())
        }
        glist.push(gp)
    }

    // release all writers (they will panic)
    for {
        sg := c.sendq.dequeue()
        if sg == nil {
            break
        }
        sg.elem = nil
        if sg.releasetime != 0 {
            sg.releasetime = cputicks()
        }
        gp := sg.g
        gp.param = unsafe.Pointer(sg)
        sg.success = false
        if raceenabled {
            raceacquireg(gp, c.raceaddr())
        }
        glist.push(gp)
    }
    unlock(&c.lock)

    // Ready all Gs now that we've dropped the channel lock.
    for !glist.empty() {
        gp := glist.pop()
        gp.schedlink = 0
        goready(gp, 3)
    }
}

type sudog struct {
    g           *g
    next        *sudog
    prev        *sudog
    elem        unsafe.Pointer
    acquiretime int64
    releasetime int64
    ticket      uint32
    isSelect    bool
    success     bool
    waiters     uint16
    parent      *sudog
    waitlink    *sudog
    waittail    *sudog
    c           *hchan
}

// chanrecv
if !block && empty(c) {
    // 1、加锁的目的是：避免在读取channel状态的同时有另一个G正在关闭该通道，导致数据不一致
    // 2、而加原子锁的原因是：1、相比锁操作，更轻量级，适合在快速路径中使用，尽量减少开销
    //                    2、通道关闭是单向的，只能从未关闭->关闭，且数据状态变更很少
    if atomic.Load(&c.closed) == 0 {
        return
    }
    // 再次检查是否为空
    // 有场景：可能因为在判断通道关闭的同时有另一个g往通道发送了数据，如果此时没有检查直接返回就会漏掉通道中的数据
    if empty(c) {
        // The channel is irreversibly closed and empty.不可逆转的关闭且为空
        if raceenabled {
            raceacquire(c.raceaddr())
        }
        if ep != nil {
            typedmemclr(c.elemtype, ep)
        }
        return true, false
    }
}

// chansend
if !block && c.closed == 0 && full(c) {
    return false
}

// compiler implements
//
//	select {
//	case c <- v:
//		... foo
//	default:
//		... bar
//	}
//
// as
//
//	if selectnbsend(c, v) {
//		... foo
//	} else {
//		... bar
//	}
func selectnbsend(c *hchan, elem unsafe.Pointer) (selected bool) {
	return chansend(c, elem, false, getcallerpc())
}

// compiler implements
//
//	select {
//	case v, ok = <-c:
//		... foo
//	default:
//		... bar
//	}
//
// as
//
//	if selected, ok = selectnbrecv(&v, c); selected {
//		... foo
//	} else {
//		... bar
//	}
func selectnbrecv(elem unsafe.Pointer, c *hchan) (selected, received bool) {
	return chanrecv(c, elem, false)
}